Autonomous Hybrid Cars
By Emmanuelle Padilla, Flamur kukaj, Yazdaan Chaudhury, Joshua Henry
Instructor: Susan Delamare
March 23, 2022
The City College of New York
Summary
In today’s society, transportation is a primary focus for many countries. In the United States, thousands of miles of road have been laid out, with millions of Americans utilizing them every day. One of the main methods of transport is by car. Cars have been considered convenient, fast, and comfortable for individual consumers. Yet, with the rise of self-driving vehicles, a new standard of comfort and luxury has been reached. The main issue with current models for fully self-driving vehicles is the expense and lack of infrastructure supporting them. Furthermore, as the environment worsens through each passing year, scientists and everyday citizens have begun considering alternatives to their favorite products, including cars. Because of the emphasis on eco-friendly products, our group decided to look into an eco-friendly car; as a result, we decided on an autonomous hybrid car. Our autonomous car comes equipped with a communication module that helps prevent miscommunication between a human driver and our car. By developing a communication module, we hope to accomplish two things: (1) preventing car accidents and fatalities and (2) establishing convenience for the driver. The AHC or Volta advertises to all consumers with a primary focus on converting gas motorists to hybird/electric. The aim is to bridge the gap between fully gas and fully electic vehicles alongside the rest of automobile industry. This paper will mainly benefit mechanical, automobile, electrical, and electronic engineering. This paper demonstrates the project’s objectives, motivation, planning, and the expected costs and time scales for the study.
Authors’ Note
This paper was prepared for English 21007 taught by Professor Susan Delamare. Questions concerning this paper should be addressed to:
Contact: [email protected], [email protected] [email protected], [email protected]
Table of Contents
- Introduction..……………………………………………………………………………………3
- Objectives…………………………………………………..……………………………..……6
- Preliminary Literature Review ……..……………………………………..…………………….6
- Technical Descriptions…………….…………………………………………………..………10
- Budget………………………………………………………………………………………….19
- References…………..……….…………………………………………………………………20
- Task Schedule A……………………………………..……………………………………..…23
List of Figures
Fig. 1..……..………………………………………………………………………………..……10
Fig. 2..……..……………………………………………………………………………………..11
Fig. 3..……..……………………………………………………………………………………..12
Fig. 4..……..……………………………………………………………………………………..12
Fig. 5..……..……………………………………………………………………………………..15
Fig. 6..……..……………………………………………………………………………………..17
Fig. 7..……..……………………………………………………………………………………..18
List of Tables
Table 1 Flowchart of Communication Module Process….……..……………….………………..16
Table 2 Product Budget Details….……………………………..……………….………………..19
Introduction
Ever since the invention of the wheel, transportation has been the primary focus of civilizations. In Roman times, transportation was a vast system of intricate road networks navigated by soldiers and horses. During the industrial revolution, it was new forms of transportation like the steam-powered train and steamboats. Today, transportation relies heavily on the automobile industry with companies like Tesla pushing the envelope and innovating the industry. However, like the transportation systems of the past, the automobile industry has its downsides. According to the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Fatality Analysis Reporting System, “There were 33,244 fatal motor vehicle crashes in the United States in 2019 in which 36,096 deaths occurred. This resulted in 11.0 deaths per 100,000 people and 1.11 deaths per 100 million miles traveled” (Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, 2021 para. 3). What is troubling about this statistic is that both cars and highways are the safest they have ever been since their creation. Cars nowadays provide onboard systems that override human control; for example, the Intelligence Emergency Braking (IEB) monitors the front of the car to help avoid serious collisions (Nissan Motor Corporation).
The problem with vehicles is not the cars themselves, but the drivers. Self-driving cars offer a solution to this problem by taking control and navigating for the driver. Companies like Tesla offer the only fully self-driving vehicle on the market, along with a wide selection of vehicles, all of which are electric. By itself, this is not an issue, however, due to a lack of infrastructure for electric vehicles, Tesla’s routing features are hindered (Discover Tesla, 2021).
Autonomous hybrid car (AHC) is a temporary solution to the self-driving market. By creating hybrid self-driving cars the aim is to help alleviate some stress put forth on the electric car industry. With time, additional and more efficient electric charging stations will be built, allowing for a less cumbersome experience with cars like Telsa. Autonomous hybrid car (AHC) will act as a mediator between fully electric and fully gas vehicles (GV), helping bridge the gap to a more eco-friendly transportation/environment. Currently, fully self-driving vehicles on the market are electric and predominantly luxury vehicles that are inaccessible to the majority of the populace. This is where the Volta comes into play. In general, the Volta offers an affordable, convenient, and modern approach to self-driving vehicles.
The Volta will have fully self-driving capabilities, giving the driver the ability to set their car into autopilot mode. In this mode, AHC will require no input from the driver and will communicate with surrounding vehicles through a communication module. In communication, the car will send a message through satellite to cars nearby. Any modern vehicle that can connect to the internet or make phone calls will be able to receive this message. Eventually, more models of AHC will be on the road, allowing for faster and better communication. In its most basic form, AHC offers a temporary alternative to combustible engine cars. The reason for the temporary alternative is that there is a lack of infrastructure for electric vehicles (Dolsak & Prakash, 2021). Lack of charging stations, batteries overheating, and the inefficient use of energy in some electric vehicles are too inconvenient for consumers to switch over (Dolsak & Prakash, 2021). Electric cars are the future, but as of now, still need the time to create the infrastructure needed to support them. Knobloch et al (2020), in their study, noted that: “Accordingly, we find that current models of EVs [battery electric vehicles] and HPs [heat pumps] have lower life-cycle emission intensities than current new petrol cars and fossil boilers in 53 of 59 world regions, accounting for 95% of the global road transport demand and 96% of the global heat demand in 2015” (p. 441). Electric cars produce fewer emissions and are more efficient than combustible engine automobiles, as detailed by Knobloch. To fully realize the positive effect of electric cars, a large proportion of motorists in the United States will need to make the switch. In order to make this switch, hybrid cars are a necessary step in transitioning from full gas to full electric. This transitioning period may take decades, emphasizing that a market for the AHC is reasonable. Hybrid cars give consumers an option for a more environmentally friendly car while still using the infrastructure present on highways across the United States today. Self-driving vehicles like Tesla are very good at navigating roads and highways with minimal input from the driver. But because of the limitation in charging stations, the Teslas follow routes that cross over present charging stations; (Dolsak & Prakash, 2021) as a result, these routes are not the most efficient.
The fields in this study are mechanical, automobile, electrical, and electronic engineering. These fields will look into the mechanical structure and development of hybrid engines, as well as, the utilization of the electronic control system present in the vehicle. Additional fields in computer science are machine learning, data analyst, and software engineering. These fields will develop the artificial intelligence algorithms and system architecture present in self-driving cars.
The project proposed here is a technical study of self-driving hybrid cars. More specifically, a model of a vehicle that can support both gas and electric power engines. Concern regarding economic circumstances will be considered along with technical aspects, and plays a crucial role in the purpose of AHC. In a broader view, the aim of this study is to create a comforting transition from fully gas to fully electric vehicles for consumers in the United States. This paper demonstrates the project’s objectives, motivation, and planning. The steps that are planned in this study, as well as the expected costs and time scales for the study, are also outlined.
Objectives
This project is aimed at proposing the development of a hybrid car, powered by both gasoline and electricity, that has autonomous capabilities. The objectives of this project are therefore:
1.1. Identify the issues associated with electric vehicles with a focus on range and accessibility of charging stations.
1.2. Showcase the advantages of having a hybrid vehicle both economically and environmentally.
1.3. Creating a prototype Volta that includes a communication module.
The task schedule (Appendix A) clearly indicates the length of required time and tasks that need to be completed for our project.
Preliminary Literature Review
In Arrian Marshall article “The Intersection Between Self-Driving Cars and Electric Cars”, she proclaims that self-driving hybrid cars are the most suitable automobile for this time of day. However, she states that full fledged electrical self-driving cars can be a norm soon in the future based on the opinions of named brand higher ups. Reasons as to why car companies are in the rush to release self-driving electric cars is mainly due to the fact that US greenhouse emissions are at 30 percent causing concern for the ecosystem (Arrian, para.1). Surely releasing these vehicles will lower the risk of global warming, however, the author believes that it would be difficult to develop them by stating, “ Electric vehicles have limited range, and the first self-driving cars are expected to be deployed as roving bands of robotaxis, traveling hundreds of miles each day.” The idea of transitioning to something new so quickly would lead to an uproar of those who want to protect the environment and those who don’t want to change their driving habits. EVs may be a bad option for long travels, but they can be very reliable for local drivers who want to decrease the chances of global warming (EPA, para.4). EV and GV are similar to one another when it comes to requiring fuel to operate; so the idea of hybrid cars will be easier to keep the vehicle running when it can take both gas and electrical fuel (EPA, para.4). In order to prevent the disadvantages of both gas or electric cars, the hybrid ai car is a suitable solution to relieve these issues. Using hybrid cars will lessen greenhouse gas emissions and will allow more travel distance compared to an electric car. When it comes to its AI, the engine/battery will consistently keep the AI on since gas stations are common when driving about. Main reason why hybrid AI cars are a necessary topic is because it is a stepping stone to convert gas to electricity. at a slow pace rather than drastically change what and how people drive, which would lead to a chaotic outcome. The article “A STUDY OF THE FUEL CONSUMPTION OF HYBRID CAR TOYOTA YARIS” constructed by Yavor Ivanov, Gerogi Kadikyanov, Gergana Staneva, and Igor Danilov, presents to readers the experiments and stats based on the Toyota Yaris hybrid vehicle in order to conclude whether hybrid cars are more viable than gas cars. They stated: “ One of the main sources of environmental pollution are vehicles. Over the last years, the alternative vehicle propulsion systems have become the main priority for a lot of automotive companies and research teams.”(Ivanov, Kadikyanov, Staneva, Danilov, Introduction) Just like the previous articles mentioned, the main reason for the change from gas to hybrid/electric cars is to reduce the increase of global warming. For the experiment, a hybrid car with 3 passengers is set up to travel a 2km straight road. They performed multiple tests and resulted in the hybrid going below 50km/h would have a little increase in fuel consumption, while 50km/h or above would strictly use electrical consumption. (Ivanov, Kadikyanov, Staneva, Danilov, Fuel Consumption At Constant Speed And Energy Characteristic) Additional testing was required for the hybrid’s fuel consumption, so they changed the testing driving in urban and inter-city environments, including the 3 passengers in the car. With the urban area, the travel was made up of three routes: 15.3 km plane terrain, 4.6 km horizontal and longitudinal inclination road, and 6.4 km hill terrain. (Fig.4&5) The experiment was repeated three times with and without the use of “ECO MODE”.
The first test using “ECO MODE” resulted in a use of 35.4 – 61.3% higher fuel usage than the Toyota Yaris producers estimation. Second test without “ECO MODE” ended up with 64.5 – 119.4% higher fuel usage. Third test with and without “ECO MODE” concluded with 74.2 – 87.1% higher fuel usage. They state that braking and traffic is more likely to happen in urban conditions, allowing the vehicle to preserve more fuel. (Ivanov, Kadikyanov, Staneva, Danilov, Study Of The Fuel Consumption Of The Hybrid Car In Urban Conditions) In the inter-city conditions, three routes were included: Ruse – Varma(Fig.8), Ruse – Sozopol(Fig.9), and Ruse – Silistra(Fig.10). They also mentioned that they will not activate “ECO MODE” during the testings. In the Ruse – Varmaroute, they did not include the distance and amount of passengers in the car, but they reported the fuel usage to be 40 – 50% higher than the producers speculation.
The Ruse – Sozopol route consists of 2 passengers in the Toyota Yaris and a 300km distance which resulted in zero consumption. The Ruse – Silistra route was done with 3 passengers and traveled 116.9km and they mentioned that the gas consumption is similar to other Toyota cars. (Ivanov, Kadikyanov, Staneva, Danilov, Study Of The Fuel Consumption Of The Hybrid Car In Inter – City Conditions) The writers end the article by stating to improve the battery’s capacity in order to prevent the fuel from being used so quickly. (Ivanov, Kadikyanov, Staneva, Danilov, Conclusion) From gathering these articles’ research, their way of announcing excessive use of gas emission as a issue is a strong argument as to why converting to AI hybrid cars is a valid option but they are somewhat vague when it comes to dealing with the drawbacks of using them. You can take the testing of the Toyota Yaris for example, when the writers did not mention gas usage rate for two inter-city tests. Overall, the research for AI hybrid cars is still relevant because perfecting this hybrid vehicle will completely change the car industry and will lower the pollution rate that gas cars are contributing.
Technical Description
The innovation will be A hybrid electric car which is our own AHC company. AHC will be an electric hybrid car that will reduce gas emissions by a great amount and it even gives people the opportunity to switch from full gas to electric/gas so you can use both if you are in a situation where you need to use either or. LIU Tong Et al (2018) states “compare with other waste heat recovery technologies such as thermoelectric generator, an ORC system has a high recovery efficiency and a good stability”(Para:2, Pg:29). This shows that an electric generator for the car is the more stable and reliable meaning if we make all cars a hybrid ai car which will include this engine it can ensure everyone to be more no issues with the car and if it does it will recover. The ORC engine. The difference between ICE and ORC is that one engine has been used for over 100 years or more and the other is the solution to finding a way to decrease greenhouse gas emissions. LIU Tong Et al (2018) appealed that “the simple ORC system can be more compact than other configurations, resulting in smaller system size, lower capital investment, and operating costs”(Pg: 31)
Figure 1: ORC Engine generator
- Condenser= 10.0394
- Expander=
- Reservoir
- Filter
- Pump
- Pressure sensor
- Volumetric
- Temperature
- Exhaust
- Evaporator
- Diesel engine
The AHC vehicle will most likely look like this but including the ORC generator engine And replacing the ICE engine because we want to innovate something to be better. This image below as you can tell includes the gas pump area and the electric port. The reason why we are adding the ORC engine instead of the ICE is that we want to reduce gas emissions and want to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Electric vehicles are powered by ICE which is the internal combustion engine but since we wanted to make it better for the world and better for the gas economy we must use ORC which is Organic Rankine Cycle basically what this does is generate electric power through heat resources. Since there is a thermal system which is a cooling system the ORC engine would go in very easily because the ORC engine’s purpose is to cool when it gets to a high temperature and the recovery process on it should be quick which is made for that exact reason.
Figure 2: Hybrid electric vehicle
- Fuel filter
- Thermal system(cooling)
- Power electronics controller
- DC/DC converter
- ICE(BUT WILL REPLACED
BY ORC)
- Exhaust system
- Fuel tank
- Traction battery pack
- Transmission
- Electric traction motor
- Electric generator
We do not have the exact dimensions of the car as of right now but we have some numbers we were thinking about. As we get into the depth of the size of the vehicle and the dimensions of the car we want to think about what people like and what they aim for more. Some people like SUVs because of the space the car has inside and does it fits their family or they just love cars that are big. Sedans some people like them due to the fact that it’s faster and most likely has a sports package the car. Now measurements for an SUV would be Similar to the Aston martin MG ZS 2022 which would be a width of 71.2 inches in width and would be 170.2 inches long and 65.1 inches for how tall the car is. The Sedan would be a similar replica to the Mercedes-Benz A-Class 70.7 inches wide and 174 inches long and the car would be 57 inches tall. Examples will be below of what the cars would look like but with a different design course and different car companies. Yuh-Ren Lee et al (2017) “According to the spatial layout and dimensions of the 200 kW ORC generator system, the system covers a land area of approximately 5350 mm(W) ×2500 mm(L)”(PG:522). The whole ORC system will be 207 inches in width and 98.5 inches in length. Wheel dimensions for the SUV will be 215 inches for the width of the tire and 70 inches for the aspect ratio and 17 inches for the diameter. The sedans wheel measurements 17″ diameter, 6.5″ width.
Figure 3: Aston martin MG ZS 2022 Figure 4: Mercedes-Benz A-Class
Note. Reprinted “from automobiledimension.com” (figure 3 and figure 4)
by Automobiledimesions
https://www.automobiledimension.com/model/mg/zs
The Tesla steering wheel will be very similar to ours but instead of having same the exact stuff, it would be a symbol like AHC in italic which would look like AHC but fancier. The steering wheel will be made out of leather mostly for comfortability and some parts like the buttons on the steering wheel will have a little carbon fiber outlines just to make it look nice. Airbags will be very effective once a car comes into an interaction with a car so if it sensors the right amount of power then it will activate and save you. The steering wheel will have a heating system so as soon as you enter the car and turn the engine on the steering wheel will be warmed just in case you need it during winter. The steering wheel will have a button that can hear your voice and can use to activate the essentials of what you use daily which can be GPS, navigation, calling someone, volume up or down, asking questions and it will answer and give you that. the steering wheel will also have a button where you can press it and it will turn on the car it will be labeled as ON/OFF. The steering wheel will have a signal for switching lanes and it will also be somewhere you can turn on to wash your front windshield.
The interior of the car would be more sporty colors because this will probably be a sports car so maybe you can pick red and black or blue or whatever color you desire we will make except for gold and silver none of those shiny colors. You would have to put a request in when you order your vehicle you can say you want these colors and we will make it. It will also have some fancy designs inside like different patterns on the chairs and the two front seats will be able to control their seats with the buttons on the side of the chair. The speakers inside the car will most likely be the best of the best speakers because we wanna supply the customer with very good sound. Unlike most sports cars this one will have a lot of space so you can move your legs and feel comfortable. The sportish look on the inside will make you feel like it’s very clean and comfortable. The display will look similar to the tesla but it will be a screen with data like it will let you know if there are any cars ahead of you with the same car or any car with the same system. It will let you know if they are making a right turn or a left turn or if they are parked ahead. There will be cup holders and a place where you can put some essentials in.
One of the main innovations with the AHC is the communications module. This module provides the car with a method of communicating decisions. For example, when making a right or left turn, the Volta’s sensors will detect whether or not there are cars in the proximity. When the Volta detects a car nearby, it sends a request to the other vehicle. If this vehicle is modern and equipped with internet, it will receive the request. When the request is received notification will display in the car’s central operating system, similar to a GPS. In other words, it will show up on the primary navigation system inside the vehicle. The message is sent through the cloud or the internet, utilizing satellite technology to make the wireless message (Fig. 5).
Figure 5
Visual representation of messaging in real-time (edited)
Note. Original image from “US freeways for driverless cars,” by Stewart, J., 2017, October 8, Wired. https://www.wired.com/story/self-driving-cars-take-over-highways/
The messages communicate the direction or operation AHC wants to take; in most cases, a right or left turn. These messages alert human drivers and prevent accidents from transpiring. As more autonomous cars are on the road, these precautions will slowly fizzle out. Because autonomous vehicles will communicate with one another, there is no need for human decision-making or input. Our vision for the future is one where the decisions are determined by the cars, not the human drivers. When a request sends, time, date, and interaction are uploaded into a database server (Fig. 6). This information is uploaded to a database to be sorted and stored for later uses (e.g. accident research and record-keeping).
If the car is an older model, the request will not go through; therefore, considered rejected by the Volta. As a result, AHC will back off from making the turn until it is no longer in proximity to other vehicles.
Table 1
Flowchart of communication module process
Note. This is a flow chart depicting how the Volta will use the communication module.
The communication module the Volta will utlize is the Cellular V2X Communication Module for Automotive Use UMCC1B Series (Fig. 6). The dimensions of the module are 35.8×39.7×3.82mm and have a weight of 5ml/9.5g. The module needs a power supply of about 5.0V / 3.8V and are designed to perform over a wide operating temperature range, -40℃ 〜 ＋85℃ (Alps Alpine). These specificities are a perfect fit for our vehicle as it will be subjected to increased amount of heat produced by the electrical generator.
Figure 6
Depiction of communication module present in the Volta
Note. Image taken from Communication Module – Products Information – Alps Alpine. https://tech.alpsalpine.com/prod/e/html/communication/c_v2x/c_v2x_list1.html
The communication module will be located inside the primary navigation system. This is because the module is small enough to fit in the allotted printed circuit board (PCB). Another reason for this decision is that the Cellular V2X Communication Module uses surface-mount technology (Alps Alpine), meaning it already has to be installed into a PCB; therefore, the primary navigation module is a perfect spot to place it in, as it utlizes a PCB. From the driver’s perspective the communication module is not visible, as they can only see the center console (Fig 7).
Figure 7
Interior: Primary System Navigation
Note. Reprinted from podfeet. “Why some CarPlay isn’t wireless – by Brad from La.” by Podfeet, 2019, August 26. https://www.podfeet.com/blog/2019/08/carplay-wireless/
Budget
Table 2
Product Budget Details
| Activity | Engineer Time | Engineer Cost | Total |
| Brainstorm Innovation | 672hrs | $33.40 per/hr | $22,444.80 |
| Literature Review | 168hrs | $43.18 per/hr | $7254.24 |
| Customer Testimony | 168hrs | $53.19 per/hr | $8935.92 |
| Research Existing Cars | 504hrs | $40,000 | $40,000 |
| Hypothesis of Innovation (Hybrid Car) | 120hrs | N/A | N/A |
| Concept Selection | 168hrs | $18.09 per/hr | $3039.12 |
| Product Features | 168hrs | $46.81 per/hr | $7864.08 |
| Comparison of Existing vs Innovation | 168hrs | N/A | N/A |
| Design Hybrid Car | 192hrs | $44.26 – $51.60 per/hr | $8497.92 – $9907.20 |
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